testcontainers

Testcontainers - Quick Reference

Deep Knowledge: Use mcp__documentation__fetch_docs with technology: testcontainers for comprehensive documentation.

When NOT to Use This Skill

Unit Tests - Use junit with Mockito for fast isolated tests
REST API Tests Only - Use rest-assured without containers if API is mocked
Environments Without Docker - Use H2 or embedded databases
CI with Limited Resources - Containers may be too heavy, use mocks
Non-Java Projects - Check language-specific Testcontainers libraries

Setup Base

Maven Dependencies

<dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-testcontainers</artifactId> <scope>test</scope> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.testcontainers</groupId> <artifactId>junit-jupiter</artifactId> <scope>test</scope> </dependency>  <dependency> <groupId>org.testcontainers</groupId> <artifactId>postgresql</artifactId> <scope>test</scope> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.testcontainers</groupId> <artifactId>mongodb</artifactId> <scope>test</scope> </dependency>

Gradle Dependencies

testImplementation("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-testcontainers") testImplementation("org.testcontainers:junit-jupiter") testImplementation("org.testcontainers:postgresql") testImplementation("org.testcontainers:mongodb")

@ServiceConnection (Spring Boot 3.1+)

Pattern Raccomandato

@SpringBootTest @Testcontainers class MyIntegrationTest {

@Container
@ServiceConnection
static PostgreSQLContainer&#x3C;?> postgres =
    new PostgreSQLContainer&#x3C;>("postgres:16-alpine");

@Test
void testWithDatabase() {
    // Connection auto-configured
}

}

Container Supportati

Container Maven Artifact Connection Details

PostgreSQLContainer postgresql

JDBC + R2DBC

MySQLContainer mysql

JDBC + R2DBC

MariaDBContainer mariadb

JDBC + R2DBC

MongoDBContainer mongodb

MongoConnectionDetails

KafkaContainer kafka

KafkaConnectionDetails

RedisContainer

RedisConnectionDetails

RabbitMQContainer rabbitmq

RabbitConnectionDetails

ElasticsearchContainer elasticsearch

ElasticsearchConnectionDetails

CassandraContainer cassandra

CassandraConnectionDetails

GenericContainer con @ServiceConnection

@Container @ServiceConnection(name = "redis") static GenericContainer<?> redis = new GenericContainer<>("redis:7-alpine") .withExposedPorts(6379);

Lifecycle Management

Static Container (Shared across tests - RECOMMENDED)

@Testcontainers class SharedContainerTest {

@Container
static PostgreSQLContainer&#x3C;?> postgres =
    new PostgreSQLContainer&#x3C;>("postgres:16-alpine");

@Test
void test1() { /* same container */ }

@Test
void test2() { /* same container */ }

}

Spring Bean Container (Best lifecycle control)

@TestConfiguration(proxyBeanMethods = false) class TestContainersConfig {

@Bean
@ServiceConnection
PostgreSQLContainer&#x3C;?> postgresContainer() {
    return new PostgreSQLContainer&#x3C;>("postgres:16-alpine");
}

}

@SpringBootTest @Import(TestContainersConfig.class) class ManagedContainerTest { // Container lifecycle managed by Spring // Started before beans, stopped after beans }

Container Reuse (Development)

static PostgreSQLContainer<?> postgres = new PostgreSQLContainer<>("postgres:16-alpine") .withReuse(true);

Richiede in ~/.testcontainers.properties :

testcontainers.reuse.enable=true

Database Containers

PostgreSQL

@Container @ServiceConnection static PostgreSQLContainer<?> postgres = new PostgreSQLContainer<>("postgres:16-alpine") .withDatabaseName("testdb") .withUsername("test") .withPassword("test") .withInitScript("init.sql");

MongoDB

@Container @ServiceConnection static MongoDBContainer mongo = new MongoDBContainer("mongo:7.0") .withSharding();

MySQL

@Container @ServiceConnection static MySQLContainer<?> mysql = new MySQLContainer<>("mysql:8.0") .withDatabaseName("testdb") .withUsername("test") .withPassword("test");

Messaging Containers

Kafka

@Container @ServiceConnection static KafkaContainer kafka = new KafkaContainer(DockerImageName.parse("confluentinc/cp-kafka:7.5.0")) .withKraft();

RabbitMQ

@Container @ServiceConnection static RabbitMQContainer rabbitmq = new RabbitMQContainer("rabbitmq:3.12-management") .withExposedPorts(5672, 15672);

Redis

@Container @ServiceConnection static GenericContainer<?> redis = new GenericContainer<>("redis:7-alpine") .withExposedPorts(6379);

Messaging Container Test Patterns

Dedicated skills: For comprehensive messaging test coverage, see messaging-testing-kafka , messaging-testing-rabbitmq , and messaging-testing .

Kafka: Produce → Consume → Assert

@SpringBootTest @Testcontainers class KafkaProduceConsumeTest {

@Container
@ServiceConnection
static KafkaContainer kafka = new KafkaContainer(
    DockerImageName.parse("apache/kafka-native:3.8.0"));

@Autowired
private KafkaTemplate&#x3C;String, OrderEvent> kafkaTemplate;

@Autowired
private OrderRepository orderRepository;

@Test
void shouldProcessOrderViaKafka() throws Exception {
    kafkaTemplate.send("orders", "key-1",
        new OrderEvent("123", "CREATED")).get(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

    await().atMost(Duration.ofSeconds(10))
        .untilAsserted(() ->
            assertThat(orderRepository.findById("123")).isPresent());
}

}

RabbitMQ: Send → Listen → Assert

@SpringBootTest @Testcontainers class RabbitProduceConsumeTest {

@Container
@ServiceConnection
static RabbitMQContainer rabbit = new RabbitMQContainer("rabbitmq:3.13-management");

@Autowired
private RabbitTemplate rabbitTemplate;

@Autowired
private OrderRepository orderRepository;

@Test
void shouldProcessOrderViaRabbit() {
    rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend("orders.exchange", "orders.created",
        new OrderEvent("456", "CREATED"));

    await().atMost(Duration.ofSeconds(10))
        .untilAsserted(() ->
            assertThat(orderRepository.findById("456")).isPresent());
}

}

Redis Pub/Sub: Publish → Subscribe → Assert

@SpringBootTest @Testcontainers class RedisPubSubTest {

@Container
@ServiceConnection(name = "redis")
static GenericContainer&#x3C;?> redis =
    new GenericContainer&#x3C;>("redis:7-alpine").withExposedPorts(6379);

@Autowired
private StringRedisTemplate redisTemplate;

@Test
void shouldPublishAndReceiveMessage() throws Exception {
    CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
    List&#x3C;String> received = new CopyOnWriteArrayList&#x3C;>();

    RedisMessageListenerContainer container = new RedisMessageListenerContainer();
    container.setConnectionFactory(redisTemplate.getConnectionFactory());
    container.addMessageListener((message, pattern) -> {
        received.add(new String(message.getBody()));
        latch.countDown();
    }, new ChannelTopic("orders"));
    container.afterPropertiesSet();
    container.start();

    redisTemplate.convertAndSend("orders", "{\"orderId\":\"789\"}");

    assertThat(latch.await(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS)).isTrue();
    assertThat(received.get(0)).contains("789");
    container.stop();
}

}

Legacy Pattern (@DynamicPropertySource)

@Testcontainers @SpringBootTest class LegacyTest {

@Container
static PostgreSQLContainer&#x3C;?> postgres =
    new PostgreSQLContainer&#x3C;>("postgres:16");

@DynamicPropertySource
static void configureProperties(DynamicPropertyRegistry registry) {
    registry.add("spring.datasource.url", postgres::getJdbcUrl);
    registry.add("spring.datasource.username", postgres::getUsername);
    registry.add("spring.datasource.password", postgres::getPassword);
}

}

Network & Compose

Container Network

@Testcontainers class NetworkTest {

static Network network = Network.newNetwork();

@Container
static PostgreSQLContainer&#x3C;?> postgres =
    new PostgreSQLContainer&#x3C;>("postgres:16")
        .withNetwork(network)
        .withNetworkAliases("postgres");

@Container
static GenericContainer&#x3C;?> app =
    new GenericContainer&#x3C;>("myapp:latest")
        .withNetwork(network)
        .dependsOn(postgres)
        .withEnv("DATABASE_HOST", "postgres");

}

Docker Compose

@Testcontainers class ComposeTest {

@Container
static DockerComposeContainer&#x3C;?> compose =
    new DockerComposeContainer&#x3C;>(new File("docker-compose-test.yml"))
        .withExposedService("postgres", 5432)
        .withExposedService("redis", 6379);

@Test
void test() {
    String host = compose.getServiceHost("postgres", 5432);
    int port = compose.getServicePort("postgres", 5432);
}

}

Wait Strategies

new GenericContainer<>("custom-image") .waitingFor(Wait.forHttp("/health").forStatusCode(200)) .waitingFor(Wait.forLogMessage(".Started.", 1)) .waitingFor(Wait.forListeningPort()) .withStartupTimeout(Duration.ofMinutes(2));

Best Practices

Do Don't

Use static containers Create container per test method

Use @ServiceConnection

Manual property configuration

Use Spring Bean lifecycle JUnit lifecycle for app-dependent containers

Enable container reuse in dev Start fresh containers every run

Use specific image tags Use latest tag

Share containers via base class Duplicate container declarations

Common Issues

Container not starting

// Check Docker is running // Check image exists // Increase startup timeout .withStartupTimeout(Duration.ofMinutes(5))

Port conflicts

// Always use exposed port mapping container.getMappedPort(5432) // Never hardcode ports

Slow tests

// Enable reuse .withReuse(true) // Use lighter images (-alpine) new PostgreSQLContainer<>("postgres:16-alpine")

Anti-Patterns

Anti-Pattern Why It's Bad Solution

Creating container per test method Extremely slow Use static containers shared across tests

Not using @ServiceConnection Manual config duplication Let Spring auto-configure from container

Using latest tag Non-deterministic tests Pin specific version (postgres:16-alpine)

No withReuse for local dev Slow dev feedback loop Enable reuse in ~/.testcontainers.properties

Hardcoded ports Port conflicts Use getMappedPort() for dynamic ports

Ignoring startup timeout Tests hang Set withStartupTimeout appropriately

Not cleaning up test data Tests interfere with each other Use @Transactional or manual cleanup

Quick Troubleshooting

Problem Likely Cause Solution

"Could not find image" Docker not running or image unavailable Start Docker, check image name

Container startup timeout Image too large or slow startup Increase timeout, use lighter images

Port already in use Previous test didn't clean up Use dynamic ports with getMappedPort()

Tests very slow Starting containers every test Use static containers

Connection refused Using localhost instead of container host Use container.getHost() and getMappedPort()

"@ServiceConnection not working" Wrong Spring Boot version Requires Spring Boot 3.1+, check version

Reference Documentation

Testcontainers Official Docs
Spring Boot Testcontainers

testcontainers

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Source Transparency

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