Contract Review
Review legal contracts for risks, extract key terms, and suggest redlines. Built on the CUAD dataset (41 risk categories), ContractEval benchmarks, and LegalBench.
Disclaimer: This skill provides informational analysis only. It is not legal advice. Material terms should be reviewed by qualified legal counsel before signing.
When to Activate
- User mentions "review contract", "analyze agreement", "check this contract"
- User uploads or references a PDF/DOCX legal document
- User asks about specific clauses, risks, or terms
Step 1: Pre-Review Checklist
Before analyzing content, verify document completeness:
- Blank fields: Flag any "$X", "TBD", "[amount]", "____" placeholders
- Missing exhibits: List all referenced schedules/exhibits and note which are missing
- Signature status: Draft or already executed?
- All pages present: Check for truncation or missing sections
If blank fields or missing exhibits exist, flag prominently in output header.
Step 2: Identify Document Type & User Position
Ask if unclear: "Which party are you? (customer, vendor, buyer, seller, licensor, licensee, receiving party, disclosing party)"
This affects what's "risky":
- Customer reviewing vendor agreement: flag vendor-favorable terms
- Vendor reviewing own template: flag customer-favorable terms
- Buyer in M&A: flag seller-favorable terms
- Seller in M&A: flag buyer-favorable terms
- Receiving party in NDA: flag disclosing party-favorable terms
Assess power dynamic:
- Startup vs. large enterprise? (limited negotiating leverage)
- Standard form vs. negotiated? (some terms non-negotiable)
- Regulated industry? (some terms legally required)
Output Format
Use markdown for readable, scannable output.
Example Output
# Contract Review: [Document Name]
**Document Type:** SaaS Subscription Agreement
**Your Position:** Customer
**Counterparty:** Acme Software Inc.
**Risk Level:** Medium
**Document Status:** Draft / Executed on [date]
## Pre-Signing Alerts
- **Blank field:** Fee amount in Section 4.1 is "$____"
- **Missing exhibit:** Exhibit B (SLA) referenced but not attached
## Executive Summary
Standard vendor agreement with some one-sided terms. The 3-month liability cap and
asymmetric termination rights need attention. Data ownership is clear.
---
## Key Terms
| Term | Value | Location |
|------|-------|----------|
| Initial Term | 12 months | Section 8.1 |
| Auto-Renewal | 12-month periods, 60-day notice | Section 8.2 |
| Liability Cap | 3 months' fees | Section 10.2 |
| Governing Law | Delaware | Section 12.1 |
---
## Red Flags (Quick Scan)
| Flag | Found | Location |
|------|-------|----------|
| Liability cap < 6 months | Yes | Section 10.2 |
| Uncapped indemnification | No | -- |
| Unilateral amendment rights | Yes | Section 14.1 |
| No termination for convenience | No | -- |
| Perpetual obligations | No | -- |
| Offshore jurisdiction | No | -- |
---
## Risk Analysis
### Critical
**Limitation of Liability** (Section 10.2)
> "Liability shall not exceed fees paid in the preceding three (3) months"
- **Issue:** 3-month cap is below market standard (typically 12 months)
- **Risk:** For $120K annual contract, liability capped at $30K
- **Market Standard:** 12 months' fees
- **Negotiability:** Medium -- most vendors accept 6-12 months
- **Redline:** Change "three (3) months" to "twelve (12) months"
- **Fallback:** Accept 6 months as compromise
---
### Important
**Termination for Convenience** (Section 8.5)
> "Vendor may terminate for any reason upon 30 days notice"
- **Issue:** One-sided; customer lacks equivalent right
- **Market Standard:** Mutual termination rights
- **Negotiability:** High -- reasonable ask
- **Redline:** Add "Either party may terminate..." or change to "90 days"
---
### Reviewed & Acceptable
| Category | Status | Notes |
|----------|--------|-------|
| Data Ownership | OK | Customer owns all customer data |
| IP Rights | OK | Clear separation, no broad assignment |
| Confidentiality | OK | Mutual, 3-year term, standard exceptions |
| Governing Law | OK | Delaware -- neutral for commercial |
---
## Missing Provisions
| Provision | Priority | Why It Matters |
|-----------|----------|----------------|
| Data Export Rights | Critical | No guaranteed way to get data out on termination |
| SLA Credits | Important | 99.9% uptime stated but no remedy for breach |
| Price Increase Cap | Important | Renewal pricing uncapped |
**Suggested language for Data Export:**
> "Upon termination, Vendor shall make Customer Data available for export in CSV or JSON format for 90 days at no additional charge."
---
## Internal Consistency Issues
- Section 5.2 references "Exhibit C" but no Exhibit C exists
- "Confidential Information" defined in Section 3.1 but used lowercase in Section 7
---
## Negotiation Priority
| # | Issue | Ask | Negotiability |
|---|-------|-----|---------------|
| 1 | Liability cap | 12 months | Medium |
| 2 | Termination rights | Mutual | High |
| 3 | Data export | Add provision | High |
| 4 | Price cap | 5% annual max | Medium |
---
*This review is for informational purposes only. Material terms should be reviewed by qualified legal counsel.*
Red Flags Quick Scan
Check these danger signs FIRST before deep analysis:
| Red Flag | Why It Matters |
|---|---|
| Liability cap < 6 months | Inadequate protection |
| Uncapped indemnification | Unlimited exposure |
| "As-is" with no warranty | No recourse for defects |
| Unilateral suspension without notice | Service can vanish |
| Unilateral amendment rights | Terms can change |
| No termination for convenience | Locked in |
| Perpetual obligations (tails, non-competes) | Indefinite exposure |
| Offshore jurisdiction (BVI, Cayman) | Expensive to enforce |
| Pre-signed conflict waivers | No recourse for conflicts |
| "Sole discretion" language favoring counterparty | No objective standard |
| Class action waiver + mandatory arbitration | Limited remedies |
| Asymmetric assignment rights | They can assign, you can't |
Document Type Checklists
NDA Checklist
| Category | Check For |
|---|---|
| Direction | One-way or mutual? |
| Definition scope | "All information" too broad? Standard exceptions? |
| Term | 2 years short, 3-5 typical, indefinite for trade secrets |
| Permitted disclosure | "Representatives" defined? Flow-down required? |
| Residuals clause | Can use general knowledge retained in memory? |
| Non-solicitation | Employees protected? |
| Standstill | Prevents hostile acquisition actions? |
| No-contact | Customers, suppliers, employees protected? |
| Return/destruction | Certification required? |
| Public announcement | Prohibits disclosure of discussions? |
| Compelled disclosure | Notice required? Time to seek protective order? |
| Injunctive relief | Pre-agreed specific performance? Bond waiver? |
SaaS/MSA Checklist
| Category | Check For |
|---|---|
| Liability cap | 12+ months = standard |
| Uptime SLA | 99.9% with credits = standard |
| Suspension rights | Unilateral? Notice required? |
| Data ownership | Customer owns customer data? |
| Data export | Format, duration, cost on termination? |
| Price increases | Capped? Notice period? |
| Auto-renewal notice | 90+ days = good, <60 = risk |
| Termination | Mutual for convenience? Cure period for cause? |
| Subprocessors | Notice of changes? Approval rights? |
| Insurance | Vendor carries E&O, cyber? |
Payment/Merchant Agreement Checklist
| Category | Check For |
|---|---|
| Reserve/holdback | Amount, duration, release conditions? |
| Chargeback liability | Capped? Fraud protection? |
| Network rules | Incorporated by reference? Access provided? |
| Auto-debit authority | Notice before debits? |
| Settlement timing | When do you receive funds? |
| Volume commitments | Realistic? Penalty for shortfall? |
| Suspension rights | Immediate or notice? |
| Termination tail | How long do obligations survive? |
| Audit rights | Frequency, notice, cost allocation? |
| PCI compliance | Who bears cost? |
M&A Agreement Checklist
| Category | Check For |
|---|---|
| Purchase price | Cash vs. stock vs. earnout mix? |
| Earnout mechanics | Measurement, discretion, audit rights, acceleration? |
| Escrow/holdback | Amount (10-15% typical), duration (12-18 mo), release? |
| Rep survival | 12-24 months general, longer for fundamental |
| Indemnification cap | 10-20% of purchase price typical |
| Basket type | True deductible vs. tipping? |
| Sandbagging | Pro-buyer or anti-sandbagging? |
| Non-compete | 2-3 years, geographic scope? |
| Working capital | Target, collar, true-up mechanism? |
| MAC definition | Carve-outs for market conditions? |
| Employment comp | Counted in purchase price or separate? |
Finder/Broker Agreement Checklist
| Category | Check For |
|---|---|
| Fee percentage | Specified or blank? |
| Fee calculation | What's included in deal value? Employment comp? |
| "Covered buyer" definition | How broad? Any prior relationship carve-out? |
| Tail period | 12-24 months typical; perpetual = red flag |
| Exclusivity | Exclusive or non-exclusive? |
| Minimum fee | Floor amount? |
| Joint representation | Consent required? Conflict waiver? |
| Escrow deduction | Auto-pay from proceeds? |
| Term/termination | Can you exit? |
| Broker status | BD registered if securities involved? |
Risk Categories (CUAD 41 + Extensions)
Document Basics
- Document Name and Type
- Parties (legal names, roles)
- Agreement Date / Effective Date
- Expiration Date
- Renewal Terms
- Document Status (draft/executed)
- Blank Fields / Placeholders
Term & Termination
- Contract Term / Duration
- Termination for Convenience
- Termination for Cause
- Post-Termination Services
- Survival Clauses
- Suspension Rights (immediate vs. with notice)
- Cure Periods
Assignment & Control
- Anti-Assignment Clause
- Change of Control
- Consent Requirements
- Asymmetric Assignment (they can, you can't)
Financial Terms
- Payment Terms
- Price Restrictions / Adjustments
- Most Favored Nation (MFN)
- Minimum Commitment
- Volume Restrictions
- Audit Rights
- Price Escalation Caps
- Reserve/Holdback Requirements
- Auto-Debit Authority
Liability & Risk
- Limitation of Liability
- Cap on Liability
- Uncapped Liability Carve-outs
- Indemnification
- Insurance Requirements
- Warranty Duration
- Warranty Disclaimer (As-Is)
- Exclusive Remedy Clauses
- Chargeback/Return Liability
IP & Confidentiality
- IP Ownership Assignment
- License Grant
- Affiliate License - Licensor/Licensee
- Covenant Not To Sue
- Non-Compete
- Non-Solicitation (Employees/Customers)
- Competitive Restriction Exception
- Exclusivity
- Non-Disparagement
- Confidentiality Duration
- Third Party Beneficiary
- Residuals Clause
- Feedback Ownership
Dispute Resolution
- Governing Law
- Jurisdiction / Venue
- Arbitration vs Litigation
- Jury Trial Waiver
- Class Action Waiver
- Offshore Jurisdiction Flags
Special Provisions
- ROFR / ROFO / ROFN
- Revenue/Profit Sharing
- Joint IP Ownership
- Source Code Escrow
- Irrevocable or Perpetual License
- Data Export Rights
- Uptime/Availability SLA
- Sublicensing Rights
- Unilateral Amendment Rights
Market Standard Benchmarks
| Provision | Standard | Yellow Flag | Red Flag |
|---|---|---|---|
| Liability cap | 12 months' fees | 6-11 months | <6 months |
| Non-compete duration | 1-2 years | 3-4 years | 5+ years |
| Non-compete geography | Where business operates | State-wide | Nationwide |
| Auto-renewal notice | 90+ days | 60-89 days | <60 days |
| Termination notice | Mutual, 60-90 days | One-sided, 30 days | Immediate |
| Indemnification | Mutual, capped | Asymmetric | Uncapped |
| Rep survival (M&A) | 12-18 months general | 24-30 months | 36+ months |
| Escrow (M&A) | 10-15% for 12-18 mo | 15-20% for 18-24 mo | >20% or >24 mo |
| Confidentiality (NDA) | 3 years general | 2 years | 5+ years |
| Fee tail (broker) | 12-18 months | 24 months | Perpetual |
| SLA uptime | 99.9% with credits | 99.5% | No SLA |
| Data export | 90 days, standard format | 30 days | None |
| Price increase cap | CPI or 5% annual | 10% annual | Uncapped |
| Cure period | 30 days | 15 days | None |
Negotiability Guide
| Rating | Meaning | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| High | Usually accepted | Mutual termination, cure periods, data export |
| Medium | Depends on leverage | Liability cap increase, price caps |
| Low | Rarely changed | Network rules (payments), regulatory requirements |
| None | Non-negotiable | Card network mandates, banking regulations |
Power dynamic factors:
- Large customer + small vendor = more leverage
- Startup + enterprise vendor = less leverage
- Competitive market = more leverage
- Sole-source vendor = less leverage
- Regulated terms = no leverage (legally required)
Jurisdiction Notes
Non-Competes:
- California, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Minnesota: Generally void
- Other states: Reasonableness test applies
Choice of Law:
- Delaware: Corp-friendly, predictable
- New York: Financial agreements, sophisticated courts
- California: Employee-friendly, tech industry
- BVI/Cayman: Offshore, expensive to litigate, potential red flag
Arbitration Venues:
- AAA, JAMS: Standard US commercial
- SIAC (Singapore), LCIA (London): International, expensive
- Mandatory + class waiver: Limits remedies significantly
Guardrails
- Not legal advice: Recommend attorney review for material terms
- Not tax advice: Flag but don't opine
- Jurisdiction matters: Note when enforceability varies
- Express uncertainty: Say when interpretation is unclear
- No hallucination: Only reference text actually in document
- Show what's acceptable: Always include "Reviewed & Acceptable" section
- Document status matters: Note if already executed (review is informational)
License
MIT License. Open source contribution by IrisGo.AI.