Pytest Mocking Strategy

Purpose

Mocking is essential for unit testing, but over-mocking creates brittle tests that fail on refactoring. This skill provides a comprehensive framework for deciding what to mock, how to mock it safely, and when to use real objects instead.

When to Use This Skill

Use when deciding what to mock in tests with "create mock", "mock external service", "AsyncMock pattern", or "what should I mock".

Do NOT use for domain testing (never mock domain objects), pytest configuration (use pytest-configuration), or test factories (use pytest-test-data-factories).

Quick Start

The golden rule: Mock external boundaries, test the unit in isolation.

from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, create_autospec
import pytest

# ✅ GOOD: Mock external dependency
@pytest.fixture
def mock_shopify_gateway() -> AsyncMock:
    mock = create_autospec(ShopifyGateway, instance=True)
    mock.fetch_orders.return_value = [create_test_order()]
    return mock

# Test uses mocked dependency
async def test_use_case(mock_shopify_gateway: AsyncMock) -> None:
    use_case = ExtractOrdersUseCase(gateway=mock_shopify_gateway)
    result = await use_case.execute()
    assert result.orders_count == 1

Instructions

Step 1: Decide What "The Unit" Is

For function-based code: A single function For class-based code: A single method or the entire class For use cases: The use case orchestration logic (not its dependencies)

Key principle: The unit is what you're testing, everything else should be mocked.

Step 2: Always Use `autospec=True` (or `create_autospec()`)

autospec prevents typos and ensures you're only mocking real methods:

# ❌ BAD: Without autospec, allows invalid calls
def test_bad():
    mock = Mock()
    mock.typo_method_name()  # No error! Dangerous!

# ✅ GOOD: With autospec, enforces interface
def test_good():
    mock = create_autospec(ShopifyGateway, instance=True)
    # mock.typo_method_name() raises AttributeError
    mock.fetch_orders.return_value = []  # Only real methods work

Step 3: Use `AsyncMock` for Async Methods

from unittest.mock import AsyncMock

@pytest.fixture
def mock_async_gateway() -> AsyncMock:
    mock = AsyncMock()
    mock.fetch_orders.return_value = [order1, order2]
    return mock

# For async generators:
@pytest.fixture
def mock_async_generator() -> AsyncMock:
    mock = AsyncMock()

    async def fake_generator():
        yield order1
        yield order2

    mock.fetch_orders.return_value = fake_generator()
    return mock

Step 4: Apply the Mocking Decision Matrix

What?	Mock?	Reasoning
Shopify API calls	✅ YES	External HTTP service
Kafka producers/consumers	✅ YES	Message queue boundary
ClickHouse queries	✅ YES	Database boundary
Order domain entity	❌ NO	Pure business logic, no deps
ProductTitle value object	❌ NO	Simple immutable value
Use case orchestration	❌ NO	The unit under test
DTOs	❌ NO	Simple data containers
Third-party library functions	❌ NO	Test your code, not Kafka

Step 5: Create Reusable Mock Factories

Store mock factories in conftest.py for reuse across tests:

# tests/unit/conftest.py

from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, create_autospec

@pytest.fixture
def mock_shopify_gateway() -> AsyncMock:
    """Reusable mock for ShopifyGateway."""
    mock = create_autospec(ShopifyGateway, instance=True)

    async def fake_orders():
        yield create_test_order(order_id="1")
        yield create_test_order(order_id="2")

    mock.fetch_orders.return_value = fake_orders()
    return mock

@pytest.fixture
def mock_kafka_publisher() -> AsyncMock:
    """Reusable mock for Kafka publisher."""
    mock = create_autospec(PublisherPort, instance=True)
    mock.publish_order.return_value = None
    mock.close.return_value = None
    return mock

Step 6: Mock Complex Side Effects Carefully

Use side_effect for error scenarios, but keep it simple:

# ✅ GOOD: Simple side effect for retry testing
mock_gateway.fetch_orders.side_effect = [
    ShopifyApiException("Temporary error"),
    [order1, order2],  # Succeeds on second call
]

# ❌ BAD: Over-complex side effect (use parametrization instead)
def complex_side_effect(*args, **kwargs):
    if args[0] == "123":
        return order1
    elif args[0] == "456":
        return order2
    else:
        raise ValueError()

mock_gateway.get_order.side_effect = complex_side_effect

Step 7: Know What NOT to Mock

Never mock:

Domain entities (Order, ProductRanking)
Value objects (ProductTitle, Money, OrderId)
Domain validation logic and business rules
Simple data structures and DTOs
The unit under test itself

Instead:

Create real instances
Test their behavior directly
Use factories for sensible defaults

# ❌ DON'T mock domain objects
def test_bad(mocker):
    mock_order = mocker.Mock()  # Wrong!
    assert mock_order.is_valid()  # Testing the mock, not domain logic

# ✅ DO create real domain objects
def test_good():
    order = Order(
        order_id=OrderId("123"),
        customer_name="John",
        line_items=[create_test_line_item()],
        total_price=Money.from_float(99.99),
    )
    order.validate()  # Testing real business logic
    assert order.is_valid()

Step 8: Verify Mock Interactions Properly

Use mock assertion methods to verify the unit called its dependencies correctly:

async def test_use_case_interactions(mock_gateway: AsyncMock) -> None:
    """Verify use case calls dependencies as expected."""
    use_case = ExtractOrdersUseCase(gateway=mock_gateway)

    await use_case.execute()

    # Verify the gateway was called
    mock_gateway.fetch_orders.assert_awaited_once()  # For async

    # Verify it was called with specific arguments
    mock_gateway.fetch_orders.assert_called_once_with(
        start_date=expected_date,
        end_date=expected_date
    )

    # Verify call count for loops
    assert mock_gateway.publish.call_count == 3

Examples

Example 1: Mock External HTTP API

from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, create_autospec
import pytest
from app.extraction.application.use_cases import ExtractOrdersUseCase
from app.extraction.adapters.shopify import ShopifyGateway

@pytest.fixture
def mock_shopify_gateway() -> AsyncMock:
    """Mock Shopify API calls."""
    mock = create_autospec(ShopifyGateway, instance=True)

    async def fake_orders():
        yield {"id": "1", "total": 100.0}
        yield {"id": "2", "total": 200.0}

    mock.fetch_orders.return_value = fake_orders()
    return mock

@pytest.mark.asyncio
async def test_extract_orders_success(mock_shopify_gateway: AsyncMock) -> None:
    """Test order extraction with mocked API."""
    use_case = ExtractOrdersUseCase(gateway=mock_shopify_gateway)

    result = await use_case.execute()

    assert result.orders_count == 2
    mock_shopify_gateway.fetch_orders.assert_awaited_once()

Example 2: Mock with Error Scenarios

from unittest.mock import AsyncMock
import pytest

@pytest.mark.asyncio
async def test_extract_orders_with_retry(
    mock_shopify_gateway: AsyncMock
) -> None:
    """Test retry logic on temporary failure."""
    # First call fails, second succeeds
    mock_shopify_gateway.fetch_orders.side_effect = [
        RuntimeError("Temporary error"),
        [{"id": "1", "total": 100.0}],
    ]

    use_case = ExtractOrdersUseCase(
        gateway=mock_shopify_gateway,
        max_retries=3
    )

    result = await use_case.execute()

    assert result.orders_count == 1
    assert mock_shopify_gateway.fetch_orders.call_count == 2

Example 3: Builder Pattern for Complex Mocks

from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, create_autospec

class MockGatewayBuilder:
    """Builder for creating configured mocks with sensible defaults."""

    def __init__(self):
        self.mock = create_autospec(ShopifyGateway, instance=True)
        self.orders = []

    def with_orders(self, orders: list) -> "MockGatewayBuilder":
        """Configure mock to return specific orders."""
        async def fake_fetch():
            for order in orders:
                yield order

        self.mock.fetch_orders.return_value = fake_fetch()
        return self

    def with_error(self, error: Exception) -> "MockGatewayBuilder":
        """Configure mock to raise error."""
        self.mock.fetch_orders.side_effect = error
        return self

    def build(self) -> AsyncMock:
        """Return configured mock."""
        return self.mock

# Usage
@pytest.mark.asyncio
async def test_with_builder():
    mock = MockGatewayBuilder()\
        .with_orders([order1, order2])\
        .build()

    use_case = ExtractOrdersUseCase(gateway=mock)
    result = await use_case.execute()
    assert result.orders_count == 2

Example 4: Type-Safe Mocking with Protocols

from typing import Protocol
from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, create_autospec

class OrderRepository(Protocol):
    """Protocol defining repository interface."""

    async def create(self, order_data: dict) -> Order:
        """Create order in storage."""
        ...

@pytest.fixture
def mock_repository() -> AsyncMock:
    """Create type-safe mock repository."""
    mock = create_autospec(OrderRepository, instance=True)
    mock.create = AsyncMock(return_value=Order(id="123"))
    return mock

Requirements

Python 3.11+
pytest >= 7.0
unittest.mock (standard library)
Optional: pytest-mock for mocker fixture
pytest-asyncio for async test support