Universal Timing Principles
Some animation truths transcend duration. These principles work at 50ms and 5000ms. Master these to make good timing decisions at any scale.
Disney Principles - Universal Application
Always True
Squash & Stretch: Scale proportionally - 5% at 100ms, 30% at 2000ms. Never eliminate, always proportional.
Anticipation: Ratio stays constant - anticipation is 20-30% of main action duration, regardless of total time.
Staging: One clear focus - whether instant or cinematic, only one thing should demand primary attention.
Straight Ahead/Pose to Pose: Complexity matches duration - short = straight ahead, long = pose to pose.
Follow Through: Present at all durations - even 100ms can have micro-overshoot. Scale matches duration.
Slow In/Slow Out: Always ease - linear motion looks mechanical at every duration.
Arcs: Natural paths scale - short animations = subtle curves, long animations = sweeping arcs.
Secondary Action: Supports, never competes - true at 50ms and 5000ms.
Timing: Duration determines perception - same motion reads differently at different speeds.
Exaggeration: Match duration and importance - longer duration allows more exaggeration.
Solid Drawing: Transforms must match - consistency matters regardless of speed.
Appeal: The goal - animation should enhance, not impede, at any duration.
Universal Ratios
The Golden Ratio of Animation Timing
Anticipation : Action : Follow-through 20% : 50% : 30%
Example at 500ms: Anticipation: 100ms Main action: 250ms Follow-through: 150ms
Stagger Ratio
Optimal stagger delay: 10-20% of item duration
Item duration: 300ms Stagger delay: 30-60ms between items
Easing Intensity vs Duration
Duration < 150ms: ease-out only (no time for ease-in) Duration 150-400ms: ease-out or custom Duration 400ms+: full ease-in-out possible
Easing That Works Everywhere
/* Universal ease-out - works at any duration */ transition-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0.16, 1, 0.3, 1);
/* Universal natural motion */ transition-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);
/* Universal bounce - scale amplitude with duration */ transition-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0.34, 1.56, 0.64, 1);
Universal Laws
Shorter distances = shorter durations - motion should feel proportional to space.
Bigger elements move slower - perceived weight requires more time.
Enter fast, exit faster - users care about what's arriving, not leaving.
Context determines tolerance - first visit allows longer animation than repeat use.
Attention is finite - compete for it wisely, regardless of duration.
Physics provides intuition - match real-world expectations at any speed.
Easing is mandatory - linear motion looks wrong at every duration.
Test at extremes - if it works at 2x and 0.5x, it's robust.
Duration Selection Framework
What should the user feel? ├── Instant (< 100ms) │ └── Confirmation, responsiveness ├── Quick (100-300ms) │ └── Efficiency, polish ├── Standard (300-500ms) │ └── Clarity, communication ├── Deliberate (500-1000ms) │ └── Importance, attention └── Dramatic (> 1000ms) └── Story, emotion, memory
Key Insight
Duration is a design decision. It communicates importance, guides attention, and shapes emotion. The Disney principles are tools - timing is how you wield them. Master the principles, then let context determine duration.