Mutex & Synchronization — Thread-Safe Primitives

Low-level synchronization primitives for when actors are too slow or heavyweight.

When to Use Mutex vs Actor

API Reference

Mutex (iOS 18+ / Swift 6)

import Synchronization

let mutex = Mutex<Int>(0)

// Read
let value = mutex.withLock { $0 }

// Write
mutex.withLock { $0 += 1 }

// Non-blocking attempt
if let value = mutex.withLockIfAvailable({ $0 }) {
    // Got the lock
}

Properties:

• Generic over protected value
• Sendable — safe to share across concurrency boundaries
• Closure-based access only (no lock/unlock methods)

OSAllocatedUnfairLock (iOS 16+)

import os

let lock = OSAllocatedUnfairLock(initialState: 0)

// Closure-based (recommended)
lock.withLock { state in
    state += 1
}

// Traditional (same-thread only)
lock.lock()
defer { lock.unlock() }
// access protected state

Properties:

• Heap-allocated, stable memory address
• Non-recursive (can't re-lock from same thread)
• Sendable

Atomic Types (iOS 18+)

import Synchronization

let counter = Atomic<Int>(0)

// Atomic increment
counter.wrappingAdd(1, ordering: .relaxed)

// Compare-and-swap
let (exchanged, original) = counter.compareExchange(
    expected: 0,
    desired: 42,
    ordering: .acquiringAndReleasing
)

Patterns

Pattern 1: Thread-Safe Counter

final class Counter: Sendable {
    private let mutex = Mutex<Int>(0)

    var value: Int { mutex.withLock { $0 } }
    func increment() { mutex.withLock { $0 += 1 } }
}

Pattern 2: Sendable Wrapper

final class ThreadSafeValue<T: Sendable>: @unchecked Sendable {
    private let mutex: Mutex<T>

    init(_ value: T) { mutex = Mutex(value) }

    var value: T {
        get { mutex.withLock { $0 } }
        set { mutex.withLock { $0 = newValue } }
    }
}

Pattern 3: Fast Sync Access in Actor

actor ImageCache {
    // Mutex for fast sync reads without actor hop
    private let mutex = Mutex<[URL: Data]>([:])

    nonisolated func cachedSync(_ url: URL) -> Data? {
        mutex.withLock { $0[url] }
    }

    func cacheAsync(_ url: URL, data: Data) {
        mutex.withLock { $0[url] = data }
    }
}

Pattern 4: Lock-Free Counter with Atomic

final class FastCounter: Sendable {
    private let _value = Atomic<Int>(0)

    var value: Int { _value.load(ordering: .relaxed) }

    func increment() {
        _value.wrappingAdd(1, ordering: .relaxed)
    }
}

Pattern 5: iOS 16 Fallback

#if compiler(>=6.0)
import Synchronization
typealias Lock<T> = Mutex<T>
#else
import os
// Use OSAllocatedUnfairLock for iOS 16-17
#endif

Danger: Mixing with Swift Concurrency

Never Hold Locks Across Await

// ❌ DEADLOCK RISK
mutex.withLock {
    await someAsyncWork()  // Task suspends while holding lock!
}

// ✅ SAFE: Release before await
let value = mutex.withLock { $0 }
let result = await process(value)
mutex.withLock { $0 = result }

Why Semaphores/RWLocks Are Unsafe

Swift's cooperative thread pool has limited threads. Blocking primitives exhaust the pool:

// ❌ DANGEROUS: Blocks cooperative thread
let semaphore = DispatchSemaphore(value: 0)
Task {
    semaphore.wait()  // Thread blocked, can't run other tasks!
}

// ✅ Use async continuation instead
await withCheckedContinuation { continuation in
    // Non-blocking callback
    callback { continuation.resume() }
}

os_unfair_lock Danger

Never use os_unfair_lock directly in Swift — it can be moved in memory:

// ❌ UNDEFINED BEHAVIOR: Lock may move
var lock = os_unfair_lock()
os_unfair_lock_lock(&lock)  // Address may be invalid

// ✅ Use OSAllocatedUnfairLock (heap-allocated, stable address)
let lock = OSAllocatedUnfairLock()

Decision Tree

Need synchronization?
├─ Lock-free operation needed?
│  └─ Simple counter/flag? → Atomic
│  └─ Complex state? → Mutex
├─ iOS 18+ available?
│  └─ Yes → Mutex
│  └─ No, iOS 16+? → OSAllocatedUnfairLock
├─ Need suspension points?
│  └─ Yes → Actor (not lock)
├─ Cross-await access?
│  └─ Yes → Actor (not lock)
└─ Performance-critical hot path?
   └─ Yes → Mutex/Atomic (not actor)

Common Mistakes

Mistake 1: Using Lock for Async Coordination

// ❌ Locks don't work with async
let mutex = Mutex<Bool>(false)
Task {
    await someWork()
    mutex.withLock { $0 = true }  // Race condition still possible
}

// ✅ Use actor or async state
actor AsyncState {
    var isComplete = false
    func complete() { isComplete = true }
}

Mistake 2: Recursive Locking Attempt

// ❌ Deadlock — OSAllocatedUnfairLock is non-recursive
lock.withLock {
    doWork()  // If doWork() also calls withLock → deadlock
}

// ✅ Refactor to avoid nested locking
let data = lock.withLock { $0.copy() }
doWork(with: data)

Mistake 3: Mixing Lock Styles

// ❌ Don't mix lock/unlock with withLock
lock.lock()
lock.withLock { /* ... */ }  // Deadlock!
lock.unlock()

// ✅ Pick one style
lock.withLock { /* all work here */ }

Memory Ordering Quick Reference

Default choice: .relaxed for counters, .acquiringAndReleasing for read-modify-write.

Resources

Docs: /synchronization, /synchronization/mutex, /os/osallocatedunfairlock

Swift Evolution: SE-0433

Skills: axiom-swift-concurrency, axiom-swift-performance