PT2 Bug Basher

Debug test failures and runtime errors in the PyTorch 2 compiler stack (Dynamo, Inductor, AOTAutograd, FX graphs).

Workflow Summary

• Reproduce -- Get a consistent reproduction of the failure

• Minimize -- Reduce the repro to the smallest possible standalone case. Strip away unrelated model logic, use minimal tensor shapes, and isolate the specific op or pattern that triggers the bug.

• Add a unit test -- Do this BEFORE diving into code search or root cause investigation. Add a failing test to the codebase that captures the bug. Place it in a specific, topic-appropriate test file (e.g., test/dynamo/test_repros.py , test/inductor/test_torchinductor.py , test/export/test_export.py ). Avoid test/dynamo/test_misc.py — it is already oversized; find a more specific test file that matches the area of the bug. Use torch.testing._internal.common_utils.TestCase and run_tests . The test must fail before the fix and pass after. Having the test first keeps you grounded — you know exactly what "fixed" looks like before you start exploring the codebase.

• Gather logs -- Run with appropriate TORCH_LOGS settings

• Classify -- Use the Error Triage table to identify the category

• Inspect artifacts -- Check FX graphs, IR, and generated code via TORCH_COMPILE_DEBUG=1

• Identify root cause -- Trace from the error back through the compilation pipeline

• Fix -- Apply the fix

• Verify -- Run the new unit test AND nearby related existing tests (e.g., if you changed how is_exporting works, also run the existing test_is_exporting export test). Use pytest -k to quickly run related tests by name. The task is not complete until all pass.

• Self-review -- Use the /pr-review skill to review your own changes before presenting them. Fix any issues it flags.

• Celebrate -- Summarize the changes: explain the root cause, what was changed and why, and which tests were added/verified. Then tell the user the bug is squashed. Include a fun, varied motivational message or easter egg to keep spirits high (e.g., a pun, a quote, an ASCII art bug getting squashed). Keep it short and different each time.

Investigation Strategy

Prefer direct tools over meta_codesearch

Use Grep , Glob , and Read directly for code exploration. Do not spawn meta_codesearch agents — they are slow and expensive. The Architectural Knowledge and Key Source Files sections below should give you enough context to know where to look. A targeted Grep for a function name is always faster.

Know which compilation mode you're in

Before reading implementation code, determine the compilation mode. These share code but diverge in important ways:

• torch.compile -- Dynamo + Inductor. tx.export=False , no _compiling_state_context() .

• torch.export (strict) -- tx.export=True , _compiling_state_context() active.

• torch.export (non-strict, the default) -- Uses Dynamo via fullgraph_capture but tx.export may differ from strict. _compiling_state_context() active. Check torch._export.config.use_new_tracer_experimental — it changes which code path is used.

Distinguish trace-time vs runtime

Many PT2 bugs come from confusing these two:

• Trace-time: Inside Dynamo's symbolic interpreter. Dynamo intercepts function calls and may constant-fold them (e.g., is_exporting() → ConstantVariable(True) ).

• Runtime: Real tensors, real Python calls, module-level flags like torch.compiler._is_exporting_flag .

When debugging, add temporary print() statements directly in the source file rather than monkey-patching from outside — dispatch chains make monkey-patching unreliable.

Gathering Information

Pick the right diagnostic tool based on the error category:

• Quick overview: TORCH_LOGS="+dynamo,graph_breaks,recompiles" python your_script.py

• Full debug artifacts: TORCH_COMPILE_DEBUG=1 python your_script.py — creates torch_compile_debug/ with FX graphs, Inductor IR, and generated code

• Generated code only: TORCH_LOGS="output_code" python your_script.py

• Structured tracing: TORCH_TRACE=/path/to/trace python your_script.py then tlparse /path/to/trace

• Single-threaded (for pdb): TORCHINDUCTOR_COMPILE_THREADS=1 python your_script.py

Error Triage

Classify the failure using the error message and traceback:

Error Pattern Category Jump To

Unsupported: ... or graph break in logs Graph break Graph Breaks

BackendCompilerFailed

Inductor/backend crash Backend Failures

RecompileError or cache_size_limit

Recompilation Recompilation

Accuracy mismatch / wrong numerical output Accuracy Accuracy

InternalTorchDynamoError

Dynamo bug Internal Errors

Segfault or CUDA IMA Runtime crash Runtime Crashes

Triton assertion / index out of bounds Triton kernel bug Triton Failures

Debugging by Category

Graph Breaks

Graph breaks split the compiled graph into smaller subgraphs, often causing performance regressions or unexpected behavior.

Diagnosis:

TORCH_LOGS="graph_breaks" python your_script.py

Key files:

• torch/_dynamo/exc.py -- Unsupported exception class

• torch/_dynamo/variables/ -- where most graph break decisions happen

Common causes:

• Unsupported Python constructs (data-dependent control flow, unsupported builtins)

• Tensor operations that can't be traced (in-place ops on inputs, unsupported dtypes)

• Calls to non-traceable functions

Fix approach:

• Read the graph break message to identify the unsupported operation

• Check if there's a decomposition or supported alternative

• If the operation genuinely can't be traced, consider torch._dynamo.allow_in_graph or restructuring user code

Backend Compiler Failures

BackendCompilerFailed means Inductor (or another backend) crashed during compilation.

Diagnosis:

TORCHDYNAMO_REPRO_AFTER=aot TORCHDYNAMO_REPRO_LEVEL=2 python your_script.py

This generates minifier_launcher.py that isolates the minimal failing graph.

Key files:

• torch/_dynamo/repro/after_aot.py -- repro/minifier for post-AOT failures

• torch/_inductor/ -- the backend itself

Fix approach:

• Run the minifier to get a minimal reproduction

• Inspect the FX graph (TORCH_COMPILE_DEBUG=1 ) to understand what ops are involved

• Check if it's a lowering issue (torch/_inductor/lowering.py ), scheduling issue, or codegen issue

• Look at the generated output code if the error is in codegen

Recompilation Issues

Excessive recompilation happens when guards are too specific, causing cache misses.

Diagnosis:

TORCH_LOGS="recompiles,recompiles_verbose,guards" python your_script.py

Key config:

• torch._dynamo.config.recompile_limit (default: 8)

• torch._dynamo.config.fail_on_recompile_limit_hit -- set to True to get a hard error

Common causes:

• Changing tensor shapes without marking them dynamic

• Python scalar values that change between calls

• Global state mutations between calls

Fix approach:

• Read the recompilation reason from logs

• Identify the failing guard

• Either mark the relevant dimension as dynamic with torch._dynamo.mark_dynamic() or fix the source of guard instability

Accuracy Issues

The compiled model produces different numerical results than eager mode.

Diagnosis:

TORCHDYNAMO_REPRO_AFTER=aot TORCHDYNAMO_REPRO_LEVEL=4 python your_script.py

This compares compiled vs. eager with an fp64 reference and dumps a repro if accuracy fails.

Key utilities:

• torch/_dynamo/debug_utils.py -- same_two_models() , backend_accuracy_fails() , cast_to_fp64()

• torch._dynamo.config.repro_tolerance (default: 1e-3)

Fix approach:

• Get the minimal failing graph from the minifier

• Compare eager vs. compiled output at fp64 precision

• Binary search through ops to find the diverging operation

• Check for known numerical issues (reduction order, fused kernels, dtype promotions)

Internal Dynamo Errors

InternalTorchDynamoError indicates a bug in Dynamo itself.

Diagnosis:

TORCHDYNAMO_VERBOSE=1 python your_script.py

or equivalently:

TORCH_LOGS="+dynamo" python your_script.py

Key files:

• torch/_dynamo/symbolic_convert.py -- bytecode interpreter

• torch/_dynamo/variables/ -- variable tracking system

• torch/_dynamo/guards.py -- guard generation

Fix approach:

• Get the full stack trace with TORCHDYNAMO_VERBOSE=1

• Identify which bytecode instruction or variable type caused the crash

• Create a minimal repro (the error message often includes a minifier path)

• Debug with TORCHINDUCTOR_COMPILE_THREADS=1 and pdb if needed

Runtime Crashes

Segfaults and CUDA illegal memory access errors during execution of compiled code.

Diagnosis (make crash deterministic):

PYTORCH_NO_CUDA_MEMORY_CACHING=1 CUDA_LAUNCH_BLOCKING=1 python your_script.py

For CUDA IMA, add NaN checks:

TORCHINDUCTOR_NAN_ASSERTS=1 python your_script.py

For Inductor-level sync debugging:

torch._inductor.config.triton.debug_sync_kernel = True # sync after every kernel torch._inductor.config.triton.debug_sync_graph = True # sync before/after graph

Fix approach:

• Make the crash deterministic with PYTORCH_NO_CUDA_MEMORY_CACHING=1 CUDA_LAUNCH_BLOCKING=1

• Check if it's an input mismatch (shapes, devices, dtypes)

• Inspect the generated kernel code with TORCH_LOGS="output_code"

• Use TORCHINDUCTOR_NAN_ASSERTS=1 to find the first kernel producing bad values

• Check for dynamic shapes issues (historically a common source of IMA)

Triton Kernel Failures

Triton assertion failures or index-out-of-bounds in generated kernels.

Diagnosis:

TORCH_LOGS="output_code,schedule" python your_script.py

Key files:

• torch/_inductor/codegen/triton.py -- Triton codegen

• torch/_inductor/scheduler.py -- kernel fusion decisions

Fix approach:

• Get the generated Triton kernel from output_code logs

• Check index computations for off-by-one or wrong stride calculations

• Look at the IR (TORCH_COMPILE_DEBUG=1 ) to trace back to the FX op

• Check if fusion decisions created invalid index combinations

Key Source Files

File Purpose

torch/_dynamo/exc.py

Exception hierarchy and error formatting

torch/_dynamo/debug_utils.py

Minifier support, accuracy checking, input serialization

torch/_dynamo/repro/after_dynamo.py

Repro/minifier for Dynamo-stage failures

torch/_dynamo/repro/after_aot.py

Repro/minifier for post-AOTAutograd failures

torch/_dynamo/repro/aoti.py

Repro/minifier for AOTI failures

torch/_dynamo/config.py

Dynamo config (repro levels, recompile limits)

torch/_dynamo/variables/torch.py

Torch function handling, tracing state functions

torch/_dynamo/variables/higher_order_ops.py

HOP tracing (cond, map, etc.)

torch/_dynamo/symbolic_convert.py

Bytecode interpreter, InstructionTranslator

torch/_dynamo/convert_frame.py

Frame compilation, fullgraph_capture entry point

torch/_dynamo/functional_export.py

New export tracer (_dynamo_graph_capture_for_export )

torch/_dynamo/eval_frame.py

torch._dynamo.export , optimize_assert

torch/_export/_trace.py

Export pipeline (_export , _strict_export , _non_strict_export , _export_to_aten_ir )

torch/_export/utils.py

_compiling_state_context()

torch/compiler/init.py

is_compiling() , is_exporting() , runtime flags

torch/_higher_order_ops/cond.py

torch.cond implementation and proxy tracing

torch/_higher_order_ops/utils.py

reenter_make_fx for HOP branch tracing

torch/_inductor/config.py

Inductor config (debug flags, trace settings)

torch/_inductor/debug.py

DebugContext, graph visualization, IR logging

torch/_logging/_registrations.py

All registered log aliases and artifacts

Using the Minifier

The minifier reduces a failing graph to the smallest reproduction:

Step 1: Generate the minifier launcher

TORCHDYNAMO_REPRO_AFTER=aot TORCHDYNAMO_REPRO_LEVEL=2 python your_script.py

Step 2: Run the minifier

python minifier_launcher.py minify

Step 3: Run the minimized repro

python minifier_launcher.py run

For accuracy issues, use level 4:

TORCHDYNAMO_REPRO_AFTER=aot TORCHDYNAMO_REPRO_LEVEL=4 python your_script.py