Systematic Debugging

Overview

Random fixes waste time and create new bugs. Quick patches mask underlying issues.

Core principle: ALWAYS find root cause before attempting fixes. Symptom fixes are failure.

This skill is advisory in v10. It deepens investigation quality. It does not authorize local-only patches, guesswork, or "fix the line that crashed" thinking.

The Iron Law

NO FIXES WITHOUT ROOT CAUSE INVESTIGATION FIRST

If you haven't completed Phase 1, you cannot propose fixes.

Quick Five-Step Process (Reference Pattern)

For rapid debugging, use this concise flow:

1. Capture error message and stack trace
2. Identify reproduction steps
3. Isolate the failure location
4. Implement minimal general fix
5. Verify solution works

Debugging techniques:

• Analyze error messages and logs

• Check recent code changes

• Form and test hypotheses

• Add strategic debug logging

• Inspect variable states

Root Cause Tracing Technique:

1. Observe symptom - Where does error manifest?
2. Find immediate cause - Which code produces the error?
3. Ask "What called this?" - Map call chain upward
4. Keep tracing up - Follow invalid data backward
5. Find original trigger - Where did problem actually start?

Never fix solely where errors appear—trace to the original trigger. After root cause is identified, scan for the same signature nearby before declaring success.

LSP-Powered Root Cause Tracing

Use LSP to trace execution flow systematically:

Debugging Need LSP Tool Usage

"Where is this function defined?" lspGotoDefinition

Jump to source

"What calls this function?" lspCallHierarchy(incoming)

Trace callers up

"What does this function call?" lspCallHierarchy(outgoing)

Trace callees down

"All usages of this variable?" lspFindReferences

Find all access points

Systematic Call Chain Tracing:

1. localSearchCode("errorFunction") → get file + lineHint
2. lspGotoDefinition(lineHint=N) → see implementation
3. lspCallHierarchy(incoming, lineHint=N) → who calls this?
4. For each caller: lspCallHierarchy(incoming) → trace up
5. Continue until you find the root cause

CRITICAL: Always get lineHint from localSearchCode first. Never guess line numbers.

For each issue provide:

• Root cause explanation

• Evidence supporting diagnosis

• Specific code fix

• Testing approach

• Prevention recommendations

Common Debugging Scenarios

Build & Type Errors (Quick Reference)

Commands:

npx tsc --noEmit --pretty # TypeScript check npm run build # Full build npx eslint . --ext .ts,.tsx # Lint check

Common Error → Fix Patterns:

Error Pattern Cause Fix

Parameter 'x' implicitly has 'any' type

Missing type annotation Add : Type annotation

Object is possibly 'undefined'

Null safety violation Add ?. optional chaining or null check

Property 'x' does not exist on type

Missing property Add to interface or fix typo

Cannot find module 'x'

Import path wrong or missing package Fix path or npm install

Type 'string' is not assignable to 'number'

Type mismatch Parse string or fix type

'await' only allowed in async function

Missing async keyword Add async to function

JSX element 'X' has no corresponding closing tag

Malformed JSX Fix tag structure

Module not found: Can't resolve

Path alias misconfigured Check tsconfig paths

Export 'X' was not found in 'Y'

Named export missing Check export name/default

Minimal Diff Strategy:

• Add type annotation where missing

• Add null check where needed

• Fix import path

• DO NOT: Refactor, rename, or "improve" unrelated code

Build Error Priority:

Level Symptom Action

🔴 CRITICAL Build completely broken Fix immediately

🟡 HIGH Type errors in new code Fix before commit

🟢 MEDIUM Lint warnings Fix when possible

Test Failures

1. Read FULL error message and stack trace
2. Identify which assertion failed and why
3. Check test setup - is environment correct?
4. Check test data - are mocks/fixtures correct?
5. Trace to source of unexpected value

Runtime Errors

1. Capture full stack trace
2. Identify line that throws
3. Check what values are undefined/null
4. Trace backward to where bad value originated
5. Add validation at the source

"It worked before"

1. Use git bisect to find breaking commit
2. Compare change with previous working version
3. Identify what assumption changed
4. Fix at source of assumption violation

Intermittent Failures

1. Look for race conditions
2. Check for shared mutable state
3. Examine async operation ordering
4. Look for timing dependencies
5. Add deterministic waits or proper synchronization

Frontend Browser Errors

1. Request clean console logs through the parent router/user turn if needed: "F12 → Console → Clear → reproduce → Copy all"
2. Analyze grouped messages for repetition patterns
3. Check for hidden CORS errors (enable "Show CORS errors in console")
4. If insufficient: request user add console.log at suspected locations
5. Trace to source of unexpected value

Git Bisect (Finding Breaking Commit)

When to use: "It worked before" scenarios.

Start bisect

git bisect start

Mark current (broken) as bad

git bisect bad

Mark known good commit (e.g., last release)

git bisect good v1.2.0

Git will checkout middle commit - test it

npm test # or whatever reproduces the bug

Mark result

git bisect good # if tests pass git bisect bad # if tests fail

Repeat until git identifies the breaking commit

Git will output: "abc123 is the first bad commit"

End bisect

git bisect reset

Automate if you have a test:

git bisect start git bisect bad HEAD git bisect good v1.2.0 git bisect run npm test -- --grep "failing test"

When to Use

Use for ANY technical issue:

• Test failures

• Bugs in production

• Unexpected behavior

• Performance problems

• Build failures

• Integration issues

Use this ESPECIALLY when:

• Under time pressure (emergencies make guessing tempting)

• "Just one quick fix" seems obvious

• You've already tried multiple fixes

• Previous fix didn't work

• You don't fully understand the issue

Don't skip when:

• Issue seems simple (simple bugs have root causes too)

• You're in a hurry (rushing guarantees rework)

• Manager wants it fixed NOW (systematic is faster than thrashing)

The Four Phases

You MUST complete each phase before proceeding to the next.

Phase 1: Root Cause Investigation

BEFORE attempting ANY fix:

Read Error Messages Carefully

• Don't skip past errors or warnings

• They often contain the exact solution

• Read stack traces completely

• Note line numbers, file paths, error codes

Reproduce Consistently

• Can you trigger it reliably?

• What are the exact steps?

• Does it happen every time?

• If not reproducible → gather more data, don't guess

Check Recent Changes

• What changed that could cause this?

• Git diff, recent commits

• New dependencies, config changes

• Environmental differences

Gather Evidence in Multi-Component Systems

WHEN system has multiple components (CI → build → signing, API → service → database):

BEFORE proposing fixes, add diagnostic instrumentation:

For EACH component boundary:

• Log what data enters component
• Log what data exits component
• Verify environment/config propagation
• Check state at each layer

Run once to gather evidence showing WHERE it breaks THEN analyze evidence to identify failing component THEN investigate that specific component

Example (multi-layer system):

Layer 1: Entry point

echo "=== Input data: ===" echo "Request: ${REQUEST}"

Layer 2: Processing layer

echo "=== After processing: ===" echo "Transformed: ${TRANSFORMED}"

Layer 3: Output layer

echo "=== Final state: ===" echo "Result: ${RESULT}"

This reveals: Which layer fails (input → processing ✓, processing → output ✗)

Trace Data Flow

WHEN error is deep in call stack:

• Where does bad value originate?

• What called this with bad value?

• Keep tracing up until you find the source

• Fix at source, not at symptom

Phase 2: Pattern Analysis

Find the pattern before fixing:

Find Working Examples

• Locate similar working code in same codebase

• What works that's similar to what's broken?

Compare Against References

• If implementing pattern, read reference implementation COMPLETELY

• Don't skim - read every line

• Understand the pattern fully before applying

Identify Differences

• What's different between working and broken?

• List every difference, however small

• Don't assume "that can't matter"

Understand Dependencies

• What other components does this need?

• What settings, config, environment?

• What assumptions does it make?

Phase 3: Hypothesis and Testing

Scientific method:

Form Single Hypothesis

• State clearly: "I think X is the root cause because Y"

• Write it down

• Be specific, not vague

Test Minimally

• Make the SMALLEST possible change to test hypothesis

• One variable at a time

• Don't fix multiple things at once

Verify Before Continuing

• Did it work? Yes → Phase 4

• Didn't work? Form NEW hypothesis

• DON'T add more fixes on top

When You Don't Know

• Say "I don't understand X"

• Don't pretend to know

• Ask for help

• Research more

Hypothesis Quality Criteria

Falsifiability Requirement: A good hypothesis can be proven wrong. If you can't design an experiment to disprove it, it's not useful.

Bad (unfalsifiable):

• "Something is wrong with the state"

• "The timing is off"

• "There's a race condition somewhere"

Good (falsifiable):

• "User state resets because component remounts when route changes"

• "API call completes after unmount, causing state update on unmounted component"

• "Two async operations modify same array without locking, causing data loss"

The difference: Specificity. Good hypotheses make specific, testable claims.

Hypothesis Confidence Scoring

Track multiple hypotheses with confidence levels:

H1: [hypothesis] — Confidence: [0-100] Evidence for: [what supports this] Evidence against: [what contradicts this] Next test: [what would raise or lower confidence]

H2: [hypothesis] — Confidence: [0-100] Evidence for: [...] Evidence against: [...] Next test: [...]

H3: [hypothesis] — Confidence: [0-100] Evidence for: [...] Evidence against: [...] Next test: [...]

Scoring guidance:

Range Meaning Action

80-100 Strong evidence, high certainty Proceed to fix

50-79 Circumstantial, needs more data Run "Next test"

0-49 Speculation, weak evidence Deprioritize or discard

Rules:

• Always maintain 2-3 hypotheses until one reaches 80+

• Update confidence after EVERY piece of new evidence

• Never proceed to fix with highest hypothesis below 50

Cognitive Biases in Debugging

Bias Trap Antidote

Confirmation Only look for evidence supporting your hypothesis "What would prove me wrong?"

Anchoring First explanation becomes your anchor Generate 3+ hypotheses before investigating any

Availability Recent bugs → assume similar cause Treat each bug as novel until evidence suggests otherwise

Sunk Cost Spent 2 hours on path, keep going despite evidence Every 30 min: "If fresh, would I take this path?"

Meta-Debugging: Your Own Code

When debugging code you wrote, you're fighting your own mental model.

Why this is harder:

• You made the design decisions - they feel obviously correct

• You remember intent, not what you actually implemented

• Familiarity breeds blindness to bugs

The discipline:

• Treat your code as foreign - Read it as if someone else wrote it

• Question your design decisions - Your implementation choices are hypotheses, not facts

• Admit your mental model might be wrong - The code's behavior is truth; your model is a guess

• Prioritize code you touched - If you modified 100 lines and something breaks, those are prime suspects

The hardest admission: "I implemented this wrong." Not "requirements were unclear" - YOU made an error.

When to Restart Investigation

Consider starting over when:

• 2+ hours with no progress - You're likely tunnel-visioned

• 3+ "fixes" that didn't work - Your mental model is wrong

• You can't explain the current behavior - Don't add changes on top of confusion

• You're debugging the debugger - Something fundamental is wrong

• The fix works but you don't know why - This isn't fixed, this is luck

Restart protocol:

• Close all files and terminals

• Write down what you know for certain

• Write down what you've ruled out

• List new hypotheses (different from before)

• Begin again from Phase 1

Phase 4: Implementation

Fix the root cause, not the symptom:

Create Failing Test Case

• Simplest possible reproduction

• Automated test if possible

• One-off test script if no framework

• MUST have before fixing

Implement Single Fix

• Address the root cause identified

• ONE change at a time

• No "while I'm here" improvements

• No bundled refactoring

Verify Fix

• Test passes now?

• No other tests broken?

• Issue actually resolved?

If Fix Doesn't Work

• STOP

• Count: How many fixes have you tried?

• If < 3: Return to Phase 1, re-analyze with new information

• If >= 3: STOP and question the architecture (step 5 below)

• DON'T attempt Fix #4 without architectural discussion

If 3+ Fixes Failed: Question Architecture

Pattern indicating architectural problem:

• Each fix reveals new shared state/coupling/problem in different place

• Fixes require "massive refactoring" to implement

• Each fix creates new symptoms elsewhere

STOP and question fundamentals:

• Is this pattern fundamentally sound?

• Are we "sticking with it through sheer inertia"?

• Should we refactor architecture vs. continue fixing symptoms?

Discuss with your human partner before attempting more fixes

This is NOT a failed hypothesis - this is a wrong architecture.

Red Flags - STOP and Follow Process

If you catch yourself thinking:

• "Quick fix for now, investigate later"

• "Just try changing X and see if it works"

• "Add multiple changes, run tests"

• "Skip the test, I'll manually verify"

• "It's probably X, let me fix that"

• "I don't fully understand but this might work"

• "Pattern says X but I'll adapt it differently"

• "Here are the main problems: [lists fixes without investigation]"

• Proposing solutions before tracing data flow

• "One more fix attempt" (when already tried 2+)

• Each fix reveals new problem in different place

ALL of these mean: STOP. Return to Phase 1.

If 3+ fixes failed: Question the architecture (see Phase 4.5)

User's Signals You're Doing It Wrong

Watch for these redirections:

• "Is that not happening?" - You assumed without verifying

• "Will it show us...?" - You should have added evidence gathering

• "Stop guessing" - You're proposing fixes without understanding

• "Ultrathink this" - Question fundamentals, not just symptoms

• "We're stuck?" (frustrated) - Your approach isn't working

When you see these: STOP. Return to Phase 1.

Rationalization Prevention

Excuse Reality

"Issue is simple, don't need process" Simple issues have root causes too. Process is fast for simple bugs.

"Emergency, no time for process" Systematic debugging is FASTER than guess-and-check thrashing.

"Just try this first, then investigate" First fix sets the pattern. Do it right from the start.

"I'll write test after confirming fix works" Untested fixes don't stick. Test first proves it.

"Multiple fixes at once saves time" Can't isolate what worked. Causes new bugs.

"Reference too long, I'll adapt the pattern" Partial understanding guarantees bugs. Read it completely.

"I see the problem, let me fix it" Seeing symptoms ≠ understanding root cause.

"One more fix attempt" (after 2+ failures) 3+ failures = architectural problem. Question pattern, don't fix again.

Quick Reference

Phase Key Activities Success Criteria

1. Root Cause Read errors, reproduce, check changes, gather evidence Understand WHAT and WHY

2. Pattern Find working examples, compare Identify differences

3. Hypothesis Form theory, test minimally Confirmed or new hypothesis

4. Implementation Create test, fix, verify Bug resolved, tests pass

When Process Reveals "No Root Cause"

If systematic investigation reveals issue is truly environmental, timing-dependent, or external:

• You've completed the process

• Document what you investigated

• Implement appropriate handling (retry, timeout, error message)

• Add monitoring/logging for future investigation

But: 95% of "no root cause" cases are incomplete investigation.

Output Format

Bug Investigation

Phase 1: Evidence Gathered

• Error: [exact error message]
• Stack trace: [relevant lines]
• Reproduction: [steps to reproduce]
• Recent changes: [commits/changes]

Phase 2: Pattern Analysis

• Working example: [similar working code]
• Key differences: [what's different]

Phase 3: Hypothesis

• Theory: [I think X because Y]
• Test: [minimal change made]
• Result: [confirmed/refuted]

Phase 4: Fix

• Root cause: [actual cause with evidence]
• Change: [summary of fix]
• File: [path:line]
• Regression test: [test added]

Verification

• Test command: [command] → exit 0
• All tests: PASS
• Functionality: Restored