macOS Seatbelt Sandbox Profiling

Generate minimally-permissioned allowlist-based Seatbelt sandbox configurations for applications.

When to Use

• User asks to "sandbox", "isolate", or "restrict" an application on macOS

• Sandboxing any macOS process that needs restricted file/network access

• Creating defense-in-depth isolation if supply chain attacks are a concern

When NOT to Use

• Linux containers (use seccomp-bpf, AppArmor, or namespaces instead)

• Windows applications

• Applications that legitimately need broad system access

• Quick one-off scripts where sandboxing overhead isn't justified

Profiling Methodology

Step 1: Identify Application Requirements

Determine what the application needs across these resource categories:

Category Operations Common Use Cases

File Read file-read-data , file-read-metadata , file-read-xattr , file-test-existence , file-map-executable

Reading source files, configs, libraries

File Write file-write-data , file-write-create , file-write-unlink , file-write-mode , file-write-xattr , file-clone , file-link

Output files, caches, temp files

Network network-bind , network-inbound , network-outbound

Servers, API calls, package downloads

Process process-fork , process-exec , process-exec-interpreter , process-info* , process-codesigning*

Spawning child processes, scripts

Mach IPC mach-lookup , mach-register , mach-bootstrap , mach-task-name

System services, XPC, notifications

POSIX IPC ipc-posix-shm* , ipc-posix-sem*

Shared memory, semaphores

Sysctl sysctl-read , sysctl-write

Reading system info (CPU, memory)

IOKit iokit-open , iokit-get-properties , iokit-set-properties

Hardware access, device drivers

Signals signal

Signal handling between processes

Pseudo-TTY pseudo-tty

Terminal emulation

System system-fsctl , system-socket , system-audit , system-info

Low-level system calls

User Prefs user-preference-read , user-preference-write

Reading/writing user defaults

Notifications darwin-notification-post , distributed-notification-post

System notifications

AppleEvents appleevent-send

Inter-app communication (AppleScript)

Camera/Mic device-camera , device-microphone

Media capture

Dynamic Code dynamic-code-generation

JIT compilation

NVRAM nvram-get , nvram-set , nvram-delete

Firmware variables

For each category, determine: Needed? and Specific scope (paths, services, etc.)

If the application has multiple subcommands that perform significantly different operations, such as build and serve commands for a Javascript bundler like Webpack, do the following:

• Profile the subcommands separately

• Create separate Sandbox configurations for each subcommand

• Create a helper script that acts as a drop-in replacement for the original binary, executing the sandboxed application with the appropriate Seatbelt profile according to the subcommand passed.

Step 2: Start with Minimal Profile

Begin with deny-all and essential process operations, saved in a suitably-named Seatbelt profile file with the .sb extension.

(version 1) (deny default)

;; Essential for any process (allow process-exec*) (allow process-fork) (allow sysctl-read)

;; Metadata access (stat, readdir) - doesn't expose file contents (allow file-read-metadata)

Step 3: Add File Read Access (Allowlist)

Use file-read-data (not file-read* ) for allowlist-based reads:

(allow file-read-data ;; System paths (required for most runtimes) (subpath "/usr") (subpath "/bin") (subpath "/sbin") (subpath "/System") (subpath "/Library") (subpath "/opt") ;; Homebrew (subpath "/private/var") (subpath "/private/etc") (subpath "/private/tmp") (subpath "/dev")

;; Root symlinks for path resolution
(literal "/")
(literal "/var")
(literal "/etc")
(literal "/tmp")
(literal "/private")

;; Application-specific config (customize as needed)
(regex (string-append "^" (regex-quote (param "HOME")) "/\\.myapp(/.*)?$"))

;; Working directory
(subpath (param "WORKING_DIR")))

Why file-read-data instead of file-read* ?

• file-read* allows ALL file read operations including from any path

• file-read-data only allows reading file contents from listed paths

• Combined with file-read-metadata (allowed broadly), this gives:

• ✅ Can stat/readdir anywhere (needed for path resolution)

• ❌ Cannot read contents of files outside allowlist

Step 4: Add File Write Access (Restricted)

(allow file-write* ;; Working directory only (subpath (param "WORKING_DIR"))

;; Temp directories
(subpath "/private/tmp")
(subpath "/tmp")
(subpath "/private/var/folders")

;; Device files for output
(literal "/dev/null")
(literal "/dev/tty"))

Step 5: Configure Network

Three levels of network access:

;; OPTION 1: Block all network (most restrictive - use for build tools) (deny network*)

;; OPTION 2: Localhost only (use for dev servers, local services) ;; Bind to local ports (allow network-bind (local tcp ":")) ;; Accept inbound connections (allow network-inbound (local tcp ":")) ;; Outbound to localhost + DNS only (allow network-outbound (literal "/private/var/run/mDNSResponder") ;; DNS resolution (remote ip "localhost:*")) ;; localhost only

;; OPTION 3: Allow all network (least restrictive - avoid if possible) (allow network*)

Network filter syntax:

• (local tcp ":")

• any local TCP port

• (local tcp "*:8080")

• specific local port

• (remote ip "localhost:*")

• outbound to localhost only

• (remote tcp)

• outbound TCP to any host

• (literal "/private/var/run/mDNSResponder")

• Unix socket for DNS

Step 6: Test Iteratively

After you generate or edit the Seatbelt profile, test the functionality of the target application in the sandbox. If anything fails to work, revise the Seatbelt profile. Repeat this process iteratively until you have generated a minimally-permissioned Seatbelt file and have confirmed empirically that the application works normally when sandboxed using the Seatbelt profile you generated.

If the program requires external input to function fully (such as a Javascript bundler that needs an application to bundle), find sample inputs from well-known, ideally official sources. For instance, these example projects for the Rspack bundler: https://github.com/rstackjs/rstack-examples/tree/main/rspack/

Test basic execution

sandbox-exec -f profile.sb -D WORKING_DIR=/path -D HOME=$HOME /bin/echo "test"

Test the actual application

sandbox-exec -f profile.sb -D WORKING_DIR=/path -D HOME=$HOME
/path/to/application --args

Test security restrictions

sandbox-exec -f profile.sb -D WORKING_DIR=/tmp -D HOME=$HOME
cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa

Expected: Operation not permitted

Common failure modes:

Symptom Cause Fix

Exit code 134 (SIGABRT) Sandbox violation Check which operation is blocked

Exit code 65 + syntax error Invalid profile syntax Check Seatbelt syntax

ENOENT for existing files Missing file-read-metadata

Add (allow file-read-metadata)

Process hangs Missing IPC permissions Add (allow mach-lookup) if needed

Seatbelt Syntax Reference

Path Filters

(subpath "/path") ;; /path and all descendants (literal "/path/file") ;; Exact path only (regex "^/path/.*\.js$") ;; Regex match

Parameter Substitution

(param "WORKING_DIR") ;; Direct use (subpath (param "WORKING_DIR")) ;; In subpath (string-append (param "HOME") "/.config") ;; Concatenation (regex-quote (param "HOME")) ;; Escape for regex

Operations

File operations:

(allow file-read-data ...) ;; Read file contents (allow file-read-metadata) ;; stat, lstat, readdir (no contents) (allow file-read-xattr ...) ;; Read extended attributes (allow file-test-existence ...) ;; Check if file exists (allow file-map-executable ...) ;; mmap executable (dylibs) (allow file-write-data ...) ;; Write to existing files (allow file-write-create ...) ;; Create new files (allow file-write-unlink ...) ;; Delete files (allow file-write* ...) ;; All write operations (allow file-read* ...) ;; All read operations (use sparingly)

Process operations:

(allow process-exec* ...) ;; Execute binaries (allow process-fork) ;; Fork child processes (allow process-info-pidinfo) ;; Query process info (allow signal) ;; Send/receive signals

Network operations:

(allow network-bind (local tcp ":")) ;; Bind to any local TCP port (allow network-bind (local tcp ":8080")) ;; Bind to specific port (allow network-inbound (local tcp ":")) ;; Accept TCP connections (allow network-outbound (remote ip "localhost:")) ;; Outbound to localhost only (allow network-outbound (remote tcp)) ;; Outbound TCP to any host (allow network-outbound (literal "/private/var/run/mDNSResponder")) ;; DNS via Unix socket (allow network*) ;; All network (use sparingly) (deny network*) ;; Block all network

IPC operations:

(allow mach-lookup ...) ;; Mach IPC lookups (allow mach-register ...) ;; Register Mach services (allow ipc-posix-shm* ...) ;; POSIX shared memory (allow ipc-posix-sem* ...) ;; POSIX semaphores

System operations:

(allow sysctl-read) ;; Read system info (allow sysctl-write ...) ;; Modify sysctl (rare) (allow iokit-open ...) ;; IOKit device access (allow pseudo-tty) ;; Terminal emulation (allow dynamic-code-generation) ;; JIT compilation (allow user-preference-read ...) ;; Read user defaults

Known Limitations

• Deprecated but functional: Apple deprecated sandbox-exec but it works through macOS 14+

• Temp directory access often required: Many applications need /tmp and /var/folders

Example: Generic CLI Application

(version 1) (deny default)

;; Process (allow process-exec*) (allow process-fork) (allow sysctl-read)

;; File metadata (path resolution) (allow file-read-metadata)

;; File reads (allowlist) (allow file-read-data (literal "/") (literal "/var") (literal "/etc") (literal "/tmp") (literal "/private") (subpath "/usr") (subpath "/bin") (subpath "/sbin") (subpath "/opt") (subpath "/System") (subpath "/Library") (subpath "/dev") (subpath "/private/var") (subpath "/private/etc") (subpath "/private/tmp") (subpath (param "WORKING_DIR")))

;; File writes (restricted) (allow file-write* (subpath (param "WORKING_DIR")) (subpath "/private/tmp") (subpath "/tmp") (subpath "/private/var/folders") (literal "/dev/null") (literal "/dev/tty"))

;; Network disabled (deny network*)

Usage:

sandbox-exec -f profile.sb
-D WORKING_DIR=/path/to/project
-D HOME=$HOME
/path/to/application

References

• Apple Sandbox Guide (reverse-engineered)

• sandbox-exec man page