Modern Fullstack Integration Patterns

Data Flow Architecture

Overview

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ Client │ │ ┌─────────────┐ ┌─────────────┐ ┌─────────────┐ │ │ │ React/ │───▶│ State │───▶│ UI │ │ │ │ Vue │ │ (Zustand/ │ │ Render │ │ │ │ Components│ │ Pinia) │ │ │ │ │ └─────────────┘ └─────────────┘ └─────────────┘ │ │ │ │ │ ▼ │ │ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ Data Fetching (React Query / SWR / Apollo) │ │ │ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ │ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ │ ▼ HTTP / GraphQL ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ Server │ │ ┌─────────────┐ ┌─────────────┐ ┌─────────────┐ │ │ │ API │───▶│ Business │───▶│ Data │ │ │ │ Routes │ │ Logic │ │ Layer │ │ │ └─────────────┘ └─────────────┘ └─────────────┘ │ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Next.js API Routes

Basic API Route

// app/api/products/route.ts import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from 'next/server'; import { productService } from '@/lib/services/product-service';

export async function GET(request: NextRequest) { const searchParams = request.nextUrl.searchParams; const page = parseInt(searchParams.get('page') ?? '1'); const limit = parseInt(searchParams.get('limit') ?? '10'); const category = searchParams.get('category');

try { const products = await productService.getProducts({ page, limit, category: category ?? undefined, });

return NextResponse.json(products);

} catch (error) { console.error('Failed to fetch products:', error); return NextResponse.json( { error: 'Failed to fetch products' }, { status: 500 } ); } }

export async function POST(request: NextRequest) { try { const body = await request.json();

// Validate request body
const validationResult = validateCreateProduct(body);
if (!validationResult.success) {
  return NextResponse.json(
    { errors: validationResult.errors },
    { status: 400 }
  );
}

const product = await productService.createProduct(body);
return NextResponse.json(product, { status: 201 });

} catch (error) { console.error('Failed to create product:', error); return NextResponse.json( { error: 'Failed to create product' }, { status: 500 } ); } }

Dynamic API Route

// app/api/products/[id]/route.ts import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from 'next/server';

interface RouteParams { params: { id: string }; }

export async function GET(request: NextRequest, { params }: RouteParams) { const product = await productService.getById(params.id);

if (!product) { return NextResponse.json( { error: 'Product not found' }, { status: 404 } ); }

return NextResponse.json(product); }

export async function PUT(request: NextRequest, { params }: RouteParams) { const body = await request.json();

try { const product = await productService.update(params.id, body); return NextResponse.json(product); } catch (error) { if (error instanceof NotFoundError) { return NextResponse.json( { error: 'Product not found' }, { status: 404 } ); } throw error; } }

export async function DELETE(request: NextRequest, { params }: RouteParams) { await productService.delete(params.id); return new NextResponse(null, { status: 204 }); }

GraphQL Integration

Query Definitions

queries/products.graphql

query GetProducts($first: Int!, $after: String, $category: String) { products(first: $first, after: $after, category: $category) { edges { node { id name slug price image { url alt } category { name } } cursor } pageInfo { hasNextPage endCursor } totalCount } }

query GetProductBySlug($slug: String!) { product(slug: $slug) { id name slug description price images { url alt } category { name slug } variants { id name sku price } } }

mutation AddToCart($productId: ID!, $quantity: Int!) { addToCart(input: { productId: $productId, quantity: $quantity }) { cart { id items { product { name } quantity } total } } }

GraphQL Client Setup

// lib/graphql/client.ts import { GraphQLClient } from 'graphql-request';

const endpoint = process.env.GRAPHQL_ENDPOINT!; const apiKey = process.env.API_KEY!;

export const graphqlClient = new GraphQLClient(endpoint, { headers: { 'x-api-key': apiKey, }, });

// With error handling wrapper export async function fetchGraphQL<T>( query: string, variables?: Record<string, unknown> ): Promise<T> { try { return await graphqlClient.request<T>(query, variables); } catch (error) { console.error('GraphQL Error:', error); throw new Error('Failed to fetch data'); } }

React Hook for GraphQL

// hooks/useProducts.ts import { useQuery } from '@tanstack/react-query'; import { graphqlClient } from '@/lib/graphql/client'; import { GetProductsDocument } from '@/generated/graphql';

interface UseProductsOptions { category?: string; limit?: number; }

export function useProducts({ category, limit = 10 }: UseProductsOptions = {}) { return useQuery({ queryKey: ['products', { category, limit }], queryFn: async () => { const data = await graphqlClient.request(GetProductsDocument, { first: limit, category, }); return data.products; }, staleTime: 5 * 60 * 1000, // 5 minutes }); }

Server Components + Client Data

Server Component with Data

// app/products/page.tsx import { getProducts } from '@/lib/api/products'; import { ProductGrid } from '@/components/ProductGrid'; import { ProductFilters } from '@/components/ProductFilters';

interface PageProps { searchParams: { category?: string; page?: string }; }

export default async function ProductsPage({ searchParams }: PageProps) { const page = parseInt(searchParams.page ?? '1'); const products = await getProducts({ category: searchParams.category, page, limit: 12, });

return ( <main className="container mx-auto py-8"> <h1 className="text-3xl font-bold mb-6">Products</h1>

  {/* Client component for interactivity */}
  &#x3C;ProductFilters initialCategory={searchParams.category} />
  
  {/* Server-rendered product grid */}
  &#x3C;ProductGrid products={products.items} />
  
  {/* Client component for pagination */}
  &#x3C;Pagination
    currentPage={page}
    totalPages={products.totalPages}
  />
&#x3C;/main>

); }

Client Component with Mutations

'use client';

import { useState } from 'react'; import { useMutation, useQueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query';

interface AddToCartButtonProps { productId: string; productName: string; }

export function AddToCartButton({ productId, productName }: AddToCartButtonProps) { const [quantity, setQuantity] = useState(1); const queryClient = useQueryClient();

const mutation = useMutation({ mutationFn: async (data: { productId: string; quantity: number }) => { const response = await fetch('/api/cart', { method: 'POST', headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' }, body: JSON.stringify(data), });

  if (!response.ok) {
    throw new Error('Failed to add to cart');
  }
  
  return response.json();
},
onSuccess: () => {
  queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['cart'] });
},

});

return ( <div className="flex items-center gap-4"> <input type="number" min="1" max="10" value={quantity} onChange={(e) => setQuantity(parseInt(e.target.value))} className="w-20 px-3 py-2 border rounded" /> <button onClick={() => mutation.mutate({ productId, quantity })} disabled={mutation.isPending} className="px-6 py-2 bg-blue-600 text-white rounded hover:bg-blue-700 disabled:opacity-50" > {mutation.isPending ? 'Adding...' : 'Add to Cart'} </button> {mutation.isError && ( <span className="text-red-500">Failed to add item</span> )} </div> ); }

REST API Patterns

API Client

// lib/api/client.ts const API_BASE_URL = process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_API_URL;

interface RequestOptions extends RequestInit { params?: Record<string, string>; }

class ApiClient { private baseUrl: string;

constructor(baseUrl: string) { this.baseUrl = baseUrl; }

private async request<T>( endpoint: string, options: RequestOptions = {} ): Promise<T> { const { params, ...init } = options;

let url = `${this.baseUrl}${endpoint}`;
if (params) {
  const searchParams = new URLSearchParams(params);
  url += `?${searchParams.toString()}`;
}

const response = await fetch(url, {
  ...init,
  headers: {
    'Content-Type': 'application/json',
    ...init.headers,
  },
});

if (!response.ok) {
  const error = await response.json().catch(() => ({}));
  throw new ApiError(response.status, error.message ?? 'Request failed');
}

return response.json();

}

async get<T>(endpoint: string, params?: Record<string, string>): Promise<T> { return this.request<T>(endpoint, { method: 'GET', params }); }

async post<T>(endpoint: string, data: unknown): Promise<T> { return this.request<T>(endpoint, { method: 'POST', body: JSON.stringify(data), }); }

async put<T>(endpoint: string, data: unknown): Promise<T> { return this.request<T>(endpoint, { method: 'PUT', body: JSON.stringify(data), }); }

async delete(endpoint: string): Promise<void> { await this.request(endpoint, { method: 'DELETE' }); } }

export const api = new ApiClient(API_BASE_URL);

Type-Safe API Hooks

// hooks/api/useProducts.ts import { useQuery, useMutation, useQueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query'; import { api } from '@/lib/api/client'; import type { Product, CreateProductInput, UpdateProductInput } from '@/types';

export function useProducts(params?: { category?: string; page?: number }) { return useQuery({ queryKey: ['products', params], queryFn: () => api.get<{ items: Product[]; total: number }>('/products', { category: params?.category, page: String(params?.page ?? 1), }), }); }

export function useProduct(id: string) { return useQuery({ queryKey: ['products', id], queryFn: () => api.get<Product>(/products/${id}), enabled: !!id, }); }

export function useCreateProduct() { const queryClient = useQueryClient();

return useMutation({ mutationFn: (data: CreateProductInput) => api.post<Product>('/products', data), onSuccess: () => { queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['products'] }); }, }); }

export function useUpdateProduct() { const queryClient = useQueryClient();

return useMutation({ mutationFn: ({ id, data }: { id: string; data: UpdateProductInput }) => api.put<Product>(/products/${id}, data), onSuccess: (product) => { queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['products'] }); queryClient.setQueryData(['products', product.id], product); }, }); }

export function useDeleteProduct() { const queryClient = useQueryClient();

return useMutation({ mutationFn: (id: string) => api.delete(/products/${id}), onSuccess: () => { queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['products'] }); }, }); }

Environment Variables

Configuration

.env.local

Server-only (not exposed to browser)

DATABASE_URL=postgresql://user:pass@localhost:5432/db API_SECRET_KEY=sk_live_xxxxx GRAPHQL_ENDPOINT=https://api.example.com/graphql

Public (exposed to browser via NEXT_PUBLIC_ prefix)

NEXT_PUBLIC_API_URL=https://api.example.com NEXT_PUBLIC_SITE_URL=https://example.com NEXT_PUBLIC_ANALYTICS_ID=UA-XXXXX

Type-Safe Environment

// lib/env.ts import { z } from 'zod';

const envSchema = z.object({ // Server-only DATABASE_URL: z.string().url(), API_SECRET_KEY: z.string().min(1), GRAPHQL_ENDPOINT: z.string().url(),

// Public NEXT_PUBLIC_API_URL: z.string().url(), NEXT_PUBLIC_SITE_URL: z.string().url(), });

// Validate at build time const parsed = envSchema.safeParse(process.env);

if (!parsed.success) { console.error('Invalid environment variables:', parsed.error.flatten()); throw new Error('Invalid environment variables'); }

export const env = parsed.data;

// For client-side only variables export const publicEnv = { apiUrl: process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_API_URL!, siteUrl: process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_SITE_URL!, };

Error Handling

Error Boundaries

'use client';

import { useEffect } from 'react';

interface ErrorBoundaryProps { error: Error & { digest?: string }; reset: () => void; }

export default function ErrorBoundary({ error, reset }: ErrorBoundaryProps) { useEffect(() => { // Log to error tracking service console.error('Error:', error); }, [error]);

return ( <div className="flex flex-col items-center justify-center min-h-[400px] p-8"> <h2 className="text-2xl font-bold text-red-600 mb-4"> Something went wrong </h2> <p className="text-gray-600 mb-6"> {error.message || 'An unexpected error occurred'} </p> <button onClick={reset} className="px-6 py-2 bg-blue-600 text-white rounded hover:bg-blue-700" > Try again </button> </div> ); }

API Error Handling

// lib/errors.ts export class ApiError extends Error { constructor( public status: number, message: string, public code?: string ) { super(message); this.name = 'ApiError'; }

static isApiError(error: unknown): error is ApiError { return error instanceof ApiError; } }

// Usage in components function ProductPage() { const { data, error, isLoading } = useProduct(id);

if (isLoading) return <Skeleton />;

if (error) { if (ApiError.isApiError(error) && error.status === 404) { return <NotFound message="Product not found" />; } return <ErrorMessage error={error} />; }

return <ProductDetails product={data} />; }

Optimistic Updates

// hooks/useToggleFavorite.ts import { useMutation, useQueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query';

export function useToggleFavorite() { const queryClient = useQueryClient();

return useMutation({ mutationFn: async (productId: string) => { const response = await fetch(/api/favorites/${productId}, { method: 'POST', }); return response.json(); },

// Optimistic update
onMutate: async (productId) => {
  // Cancel outgoing refetches
  await queryClient.cancelQueries({ queryKey: ['products'] });

  // Snapshot previous value
  const previousProducts = queryClient.getQueryData(['products']);

  // Optimistically update
  queryClient.setQueryData(['products'], (old: Product[]) =>
    old.map((product) =>
      product.id === productId
        ? { ...product, isFavorite: !product.isFavorite }
        : product
    )
  );

  return { previousProducts };
},

// Rollback on error
onError: (err, productId, context) => {
  queryClient.setQueryData(['products'], context?.previousProducts);
},

// Refetch after success or error
onSettled: () => {
  queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['products'] });
},

}); }

Real-Time Updates

WebSocket Integration

// lib/websocket.ts import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react'; import { useQueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query';

export function useWebSocket(url: string) { const ws = useRef<WebSocket | null>(null); const queryClient = useQueryClient();

useEffect(() => { ws.current = new WebSocket(url);

ws.current.onmessage = (event) => {
  const message = JSON.parse(event.data);

  switch (message.type) {
    case 'product:updated':
      queryClient.invalidateQueries({ 
        queryKey: ['products', message.productId] 
      });
      break;
    case 'cart:updated':
      queryClient.invalidateQueries({ queryKey: ['cart'] });
      break;
    case 'notification':
      // Handle notification
      break;
  }
};

ws.current.onclose = () => {
  // Reconnect logic
  setTimeout(() => {
    ws.current = new WebSocket(url);
  }, 3000);
};

return () => {
  ws.current?.close();
};

}, [url, queryClient]);

return { send: (data: unknown) => { ws.current?.send(JSON.stringify(data)); }, }; }

SSR vs SSG vs ISR

Static Generation (SSG)

// For content that rarely changes // app/blog/[slug]/page.tsx export async function generateStaticParams() { const posts = await getPosts(); return posts.map((post) => ({ slug: post.slug })); }

export default async function BlogPost({ params }: { params: { slug: string } }) { const post = await getPost(params.slug); return <Article post={post} />; }

Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR)

// For content that updates periodically // app/products/page.tsx export const revalidate = 60; // Revalidate every 60 seconds

export default async function ProductsPage() { const products = await getProducts(); return <ProductGrid products={products} />; }

Server-Side Rendering (SSR)

// For personalized or real-time data // app/dashboard/page.tsx export const dynamic = 'force-dynamic';

export default async function DashboardPage() { const user = await getCurrentUser(); const data = await getDashboardData(user.id);

return <Dashboard user={user} data={data} />; }

Preview Mode / Draft Content

// app/api/preview/route.ts import { draftMode } from 'next/headers'; import { redirect } from 'next/navigation';

export async function GET(request: NextRequest) { const searchParams = request.nextUrl.searchParams; const secret = searchParams.get('secret'); const slug = searchParams.get('slug');

if (secret !== process.env.PREVIEW_SECRET) { return NextResponse.json({ error: 'Invalid token' }, { status: 401 }); }

// Enable draft mode draftMode().enable();

// Redirect to the page redirect(slug ?? '/'); }

// app/api/exit-preview/route.ts export async function GET() { draftMode().disable(); redirect('/'); }

// lib/api/content.ts import { draftMode } from 'next/headers';

export async function getContent(slug: string) { const { isEnabled: isDraft } = draftMode();

// Fetch draft or published content based on mode const content = await cms.getContent(slug, { preview: isDraft, });

return content; }

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queries/products.graphql

.env.local

Server-only (not exposed to browser)

Public (exposed to browser via NEXT_PUBLIC_ prefix)

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