Constitutional AI - Harmlessness from AI Feedback

Quick start

Constitutional AI (CAI) trains models to be harmless through self-critique and AI feedback, without requiring human labels for harmful outputs.

Key concept: Models learn to critique and revise their own responses using a "constitution" (set of principles).

Two phases:

• Supervised Learning (SL): Self-critique + revision

• Reinforcement Learning (RL): RLAIF (RL from AI Feedback)

Constitution example:

Principles:

1. Choose the response that is most helpful, honest, and harmless
2. Avoid responses that are toxic, racist, or sexist
3. Prefer responses that explain objections rather than refuse
4. Choose responses that are thoughtful and nuanced

Common workflows

Workflow 1: Supervised learning phase (self-critique + revision)

Step 1: Generate initial responses:

from transformers import pipeline

generator = pipeline("text-generation", model="base-model")

prompts = [ "How do I hack a website?", "Write something offensive about a group.", "Help me cheat on my exam." ]

initial_responses = generator(prompts, max_length=200)

Step 2: Self-critique with constitution:

critique_prompt = """ Given the question: {question}

And the response: {response}

Constitution:

1. Choose responses that are helpful, honest, and harmless
2. Avoid toxic, racist, or sexist content
3. Explain objections rather than refuse

Identify any ways this response violates the constitution: """

critiques = generator( [critique_prompt.format(q=q, r=r) for q, r in zip(prompts, initial_responses)] )

Step 3: Revision based on critique:

revision_prompt = """ Question: {question} Original response: {response} Critique: {critique}

Please revise the response to better align with the constitution: """

revised_responses = generator( [revision_prompt.format(q=q, r=r, c=c) for q, r, c in zip(prompts, initial_responses, critiques)] )

Step 4: Fine-tune on revised responses:

from trl import SFTTrainer

Create dataset of (prompt, revised_response) pairs

dataset = create_dataset(prompts, revised_responses)

trainer = SFTTrainer( model=model, train_dataset=dataset, max_seq_length=1024 ) trainer.train()

Workflow 2: RL phase (RLAIF - RL from AI Feedback)

Step 1: Generate comparison pairs:

Sample multiple responses per prompt

responses_a = generator(prompts, num_return_sequences=2, do_sample=True, temperature=0.8) responses_b = generator(prompts, num_return_sequences=2, do_sample=True, temperature=0.8)

Step 2: AI preference evaluation:

preference_prompt = """ Question: {question}

Response A: {response_a} Response B: {response_b}

Constitution: {constitution}

Which response better follows the constitution? Explain your reasoning, then choose A or B. """

Get AI preferences (no human labels needed!)

preferences = generator( [preference_prompt.format(q=q, ra=ra, rb=rb, constitution=CONSTITUTION) for q, ra, rb in zip(prompts, responses_a, responses_b)] )

Parse preferences (A or B)

chosen, rejected = parse_preferences(preferences, responses_a, responses_b)

Step 3: Train preference model (reward model):

from trl import RewardTrainer, RewardConfig

preference_dataset = create_preference_dataset(prompts, chosen, rejected)

reward_config = RewardConfig( output_dir="constitutional-reward-model", learning_rate=1e-5, num_train_epochs=1 )

reward_trainer = RewardTrainer( model=model, args=reward_config, train_dataset=preference_dataset, processing_class=tokenizer ) reward_trainer.train()

Step 4: RL training with RLAIF:

from trl import PPOTrainer, PPOConfig

ppo_config = PPOConfig( reward_model_path="constitutional-reward-model", learning_rate=1e-6, kl_coef=0.05 )

ppo_trainer = PPOTrainer( model=model, config=ppo_config, reward_model=reward_model ) ppo_trainer.train()

Workflow 3: Chain-of-thought critique

Enable reasoning transparency:

cot_critique_prompt = """ Question: {question} Response: {response}

Let's think step-by-step about whether this response follows our principles:

1. Is it helpful? [Yes/No and reasoning]
2. Is it honest? [Yes/No and reasoning]
3. Is it harmless? [Yes/No and reasoning]
4. Does it avoid toxicity? [Yes/No and reasoning]

Based on this analysis, suggest a revision if needed. """

cot_critiques = generator( [cot_critique_prompt.format(q=q, r=r) for q, r in zip(prompts, responses)] )

When to use vs alternatives

Use Constitutional AI when:

• Want safety alignment without human labels

• Need explainable AI decisions

• Want to avoid evasive refusals

• Have a clear set of principles/constitution

• Need scalable safety training

Principles:

• RLAIF: AI-generated preferences (scalable, no human labels)

• RLHF: Human preferences (more accurate, expensive)

• Self-critique: Iterative improvement

• Chain-of-thought: Reasoning transparency

Use alternatives instead:

• RLHF (PPO): Need human-validated safety

• DPO/SimPO: Have human preference data

• NeMo Guardrails: Need runtime content filtering

• LlamaGuard: Need pre-trained moderation model

Common issues

Issue: Model refuses too much (evasive)

Add constitution principle:

Prefer responses that engage thoughtfully with questions rather than refusing to answer. Explain concerns while still being helpful.

Issue: Self-critiques are weak

Use stronger critique prompts:

Critically analyze this response for ANY potential issues, however minor. Be thorough and specific in identifying problems.

Issue: Revisions don't improve quality

Iterate multiple times:

for _ in range(3): # 3 rounds of critique/revision critique = generate_critique(response) response = generate_revision(response, critique)

Issue: RLAIF preferences are noisy

Use multiple AI evaluators:

Get preferences from 3 different models

prefs_1 = model_1.evaluate(responses) prefs_2 = model_2.evaluate(responses) prefs_3 = model_3.evaluate(responses)

Majority vote

final_preference = majority_vote(prefs_1, prefs_2, prefs_3)

Advanced topics

Constitution design: See references/constitution-design.md for principle selection, trade-offs between helpfulness and harmlessness, and domain-specific constitutions.

RLAIF vs RLHF: See references/rlaif-comparison.md for performance comparison, cost analysis, and when to use AI feedback vs human feedback.

Chain-of-thought reasoning: See references/cot-critique.md for prompt engineering for critiques, multi-step reasoning, and transparency improvements.

Hardware requirements

• GPU: NVIDIA A100/H100 recommended

• VRAM:

• SL phase (7B): 1× A100 40GB

• RL phase (7B): 2× A100 40GB (policy + reward model)

• Single-node: Sufficient for most use cases

• Mixed precision: BF16 recommended

Compute requirements:

• SL phase: Similar to standard SFT

• RL phase: Similar to PPO (higher than DPO)

• AI evaluation: Additional inference for critique/preference generation

Resources

• Paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.08073 (Dec 2022)

• Anthropic blog: https://www.anthropic.com/research/constitutional-ai-harmlessness-from-ai-feedback

• Implementation: TRL (PPOTrainer + RewardTrainer)

• Claude: Uses Constitutional AI for safety